The γ-secretase inhibitor PF-03084014 combined with fludarabine antagonizes migration, invasion and angiogenesis in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells
M Lo´pez-Guerra1,4, S Xargay-Torrent1,4, L Rosich1, A Montraveta1, J Rolda´n1, A Matas-Ce´ spedes1, N Villamor2, M Aymerich2, C Lo´ pez-Ot´ın3, P Pe´ rez-Gala´n1, G Roue´ 1, E Campo2 and D Colomer1,2
INTRODUCTION
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the proliferation and progressive accumulation of mature clonal B lymphocytes in blood, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. The prognosis of the disease is highly heterogeneous and correlates with variable region of immunoglobulin genes (IGVH) mutational status, cytogenetics and expression of ZAP-70 or CD38.1,2 Next-generation sequencing technologies have led to the identification of novel somatic mutations with predicted functional impact in CLL patients, offering new potential clinical approaches for this disease. In addition to the expected mutations in DNA-repair genes (TP53 and ATM), genetic alterations in Notch signaling (NOTCH1 and FBXW7), inflammatory response pathway (MYD88), RNA splicing machinery (SF3B1) and telomere maintenance (POT1) have also been described.3–6
Activating mutations of NOTCH1 have emerged as one of the most frequent somatic alterations in CLL, affecting up to 10–15% of patients.3,7–9 These mutations generate a truncated protein that accumulates in the cell and activates the downstream Notch1 signaling.3 Notch pathway regulates several processes involved in cell-fate decisions during development. Ligands, such as Jagged and Delta-like, interact with Notch receptors to induce its cleavage by g-secretases and nuclear translocation of the intracellular
domain. Once in the nucleus, Notch activates the transcription
of target genes including HES1 and MYC.10 In CLL, Notch1 and its ligands are constitutively expressed and are implicated in apoptosis resistance and increased survival of tumor cells.11 Furthermore, it has been recently proposed that NOTCH1 mutations
have stabilizing effects on the Notch1 pathway in CLL.12 Clinically, NOTCH1-mutated patients show features associated with adverse prognosis, have high risk of transformation and poor outcome.3,8,13 However, the role of Notch pathway in CLL pathogenesis is not well known and its potential as a therapeutic target in this disease needs
to be properly evaluated. It is well documented that g-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) block the activation of the oncogenic Notch1 protein in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), where over 50% of the patients harbor strong activating NOTCH1 mutations.14 In this context, PF-03084014 is a clinically relevant GSI that caused
cell growth inhibition of several leukemia cells via cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis.15 This compound has been investigated for the treatment of T-ALL and advanced solid tumors in phase I clinical trials (NCT 00878189). Moreover, PF-03084014 has showed a synergistic antileukemic effect in combination with glucocorticoids in preclinical models of T-ALL.16 On the basis of the hypothesis that Notch1 inhibition may also provide an improvement on the efficacy of the standard chemotherapy in CLL, we evaluated the antitumor effect of the GSI PF-03084014 in primary NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells together with the analysis of the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of the combination with fludarabine.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Isolation and culture of primary cells
Primary cells from 33 CLL patients were studied (Table 1). NOTCH1 mutations were assessed as previously reported.13 The ethical approval for this project including the informed consent of the patients was granted
1Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biome`diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; 2Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Cl´ınic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain and 3Departamento de Bioqu´ımica y Biolog´ıa Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo – IUOPA, Oviedo, Spain. Correspondence: Dr D Colomer, Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Cl´ınic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
E-mail: [email protected]
4ML-G and SX-T contributed equally to this work.
Received 20 November 2013; revised 10 April 2014; accepted 14 April 2014; accepted article preview online 30 April 2014
Table 1. Characteristics of CLL patients
Patient Age at Gender Binet/ Previous % CD19/ IGVH NOTCH1 NOTCH1 Cytogenetic % %
n.a diagnosis Rai stage treatment CD5b status status mutation alterationsc Cytotoxicity PF-03084014 1 mM (72 h) Cytotoxicity PF-03084014 10 mM (72 h)
CLL 1 54 M B/II FCM 88 UNMUT MUT p2515fs*4 Normal 1.10 11.07
CLL 2
CLL 3 69
61 M
M B/II
A/II CHOP-like, FC, Chlorambucile
Chlorambucile, FCM 80
90 UNMUT
ND MUT
MUT p2515fs*4
p2515fs*4 13q del
ND 15.82
7.58 40.51
46.46
CLL 4
CLL 5 56
67 F
F A/II
B/II 2CdA, CHOP,
Lenalidomide FC 88
91 UNMUT
UNMUT MUT
MUT (delC)p2481*
p2515fs*4 Normal
13q del 3.63
ND 19.68
ND
CLL 6 77 F A/0 Fludarabine, FC 82 UNMUT MUT p2515fs*4 11q del, 13q del 13.43 36.14
CLL 7 45 M A/II No 90 UNMUT MUT p2515fs*4 13q del 8.00 50.39
CLL 8 56 F A/0 No 92 MUT MUT p2515fs*4 Normal 1.90 14.09
CLL 9
CLL 10 55
76 M
F B/II
C/IV Chlorambucile, CHOP-like, FCM,
Alemtuzumab, MINE/ESHAP
No ND
92 UNMUT
UNMUT MUT
MUT p2515fs*4
p2515fs*4 ND
Normal 2.74
8.42 15.19
19.43
CLL 11 61 M ND FCM, CHOP-like,
Alemtuzumab, C þ PDN ND UNMUT MUT p2515fs*4 ND 26.08 59.45
CLL 12 75 M A/I No 45 UNMUT MUT p2515fs*4 ND 0.00 35.46
CLL 13 69 M C/III Chlorambucile 93 MUT MUT p2515fs*4 Normal ND ND
CLL 14 60 F C/III No 86 MUT MUT p2515fs*4 13q del 7.47 16.25
CLL 15
CLL 16 46
75 F
M ND
B/III 2CdA, FCM,
Alemtuzumab No 90
94 UNMUT
UNMUT MUT
MUT p2515fs*4
2394Q4Q/X ND
Normal ND
5.8 ND
21.1
CLL 17 73 M C/III No 96 ND UNMUT NA 13q del 1.91 29.77
CLL 18 72 M C/III No 95 UNMUT UNMUT NA Normal 0.45 12.68
CLL 19 64 M C/IV No 97 MUT UNMUT NA ND 3.41 16.89
CLL 20 58 M B/II FCM 95 UNMUT UNMUT NA 13q del 9.34 40.87
CLL 21 72 M C/III No 95 UNMUT UNMUT NA Normal 0 4.51
CLL 22 59 M B/II No 95 UNMUT UNMUT NA Normal 0 13.57
CLL 23 59 F B/II Fludarabine 94 UNMUT UNMUT NA 11q del, 13q del 6.23 52.76
CLL 24 53 M C/IV R-FCM, CHOP-like 97 UNMUT UNMUT NA 13q del 1.82 15.15
CLL 25 53 M B/II R-FCM 94 UNMUT UNMUT NA Normal 13.8 44.42
CLL 26 45 M C/IV No 98 MUT UNMUT NA Normal 0.35 14.48
CLL 27 44 M B/II No 97 UNMUT UNMUT NA 13q del 6.14 10.89
CLL 28
CLL 29 47
63 M
M B/II
C/IV R-
FCM, Bendamustine R-FCM 93
97 UNMUT
UNMUT UNMUT
UNMUT NA
NA 11q del, 13q del
13q del, 17p del 4.15
4.51 14.83
10.57
CLL 30 45 F B/II R-FCM 86 UNMUT UNMUT NA ND 8.84 25.72
CLL 31 57 M B/II FCM 99 UNMUT UNMUT NA 11q del 5.87 21.32
CLL 32 66 M B/II No 96 UNMUT UNMUT NA 11q del 3.34 19.66
CLL 33 59 M A/0 R-FCM 64 UNMUT UNMUT NA ND 5.37 26.58
Abbreviations: 2CdA, cladribine; CHOP, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; C þ PDN, cyclo- phosphamide, prednisone; ESHAP, etoposide, cisplatin, cytarabine, methylprednisolone; del, deletion; F, female; FC, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide; FCM, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; M, male; MINE, mesna, ifosfamide, methotrexate, etoposide; MUT, mutated; NA, not applicable; ND, not determined; R, rituximab; UNMUT, unmutated. aIn bold: selected cases for gene validation. bQuantified by flow cytometry. cAssessed by FISH.
following the guidelines of the Hospital Cl´ınic Ethics Committee. The IGVH gene mutational status was done according to European Research Initiative on CLL (ERIC) guidelines.17 Tumor cells from peripheral blood were isolated, cultured and conserved within the Hematopathology collection of our institution (IDIBAPS-Hospital Cl´ınic Biobank, Barcelona, Spain) as previously described.18 Human follicular dendritic cell-like HK cells (kindly provided by Dr YS Choi)19 and human bone marrow-derived stroma cell line HS-5 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured as described in Supplementary Information. Cells were
incubated with PF-03084014 (1 and 10 mM; kindly provided by Pfizer, New York City, NY, USA) and/or fludarabine (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petah Tikva, Israel) as indicated. Treatments and analysis of cytotoxicity are detailed in Supplementary Information.
Protein analysis
Total protein extracts were obtained and processed by western blot as previously described.20 Protein immunodetection is detailed in
Supplementary Information. For quantification of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) activity, relative protein levels of phospho-IkBa were referred to IkBa using Image Gauge densitometric software (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan).
Gene expression profiling and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)
Total RNA was isolated from 107 CLL cells, previously exposed to drugs for 48 h, using the TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA)
according to the manufacturer’s instructions and hybridized to HT HG-U219 GeneChip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA; Supplementary Information). The analysis of the gene expression profiling and GSEA is detailed in Supplementary Information. The raw data have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus Database (accession number GSE51044).
Quantitative real-time PCR
Total RNA was isolated as above from CLL cells, previously exposed to drugs for 48 h, and complementary DNA was obtained using the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (Life Technologies). Samples were processed to Specific Target Amplification using the TaqMan PreAmp Master Mix and the following TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Life Technologies): CCL3, CCND1, GUSB, HCK, HES1, HRK, IL2RB, IL32, IL6,
MMP9, MYC, NR4A1, RAC2 and THBS1. PCR was run as recommended by the manufacturer in a 48.48 Dynamic Array—Gene Expression IFC (Fluidigm Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA). The relative expression of each gene was quantified by the comparative cycle threshold (Ct) method (DDCt), using GUSB as endogenous control. Expression levels are given in arbitrary units, taking as a reference the untreated cells sample.
Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown
Primary CLL cells (2 × 106 cells/ml) were cultured without antibiotics and washed with fetal bovine serum-free RPMI medium. Then, 5 × 106 cells
were resuspended in 100 ml of Cell Line Nucleofector Solution V (Life Technologies) containing either a mix of three different Silencer Select Predesigned siRNA (3 mM) for HRK (Life Technologies) or 9 mM of a nonsilencing negative control (Life Technologies). Cells were transfected in a Nucleofector II device (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland; U-015 program), transferred to culture plates for 6 h and then exposed to PF-03084014 and fludarabine for 48 h.
Actin polymerization
CLL cells were exposed to drugs for 48 h, washed twice and serum starved for 1.5 h in fetal bovine serum-free RPMI (107 cells/ml). Next, cells were diluted to 2 106 cells/ml in RPMI with 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA). After stimulation with 200 ng/ml of human recombinant CXCL12 (Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA), 100 ml of the
cell suspension were collected and added to 25 ml of the staining solution
(2.5 ng/ml of phalloidin-tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate, 2.5 mg/ml of l-a-lysophosphatidylcholine (Sigma-Aldrich) and 5% paraformaldehyde (Aname, Madrid, Spain)). Red fluorescence was acquired on an Attune cytometer (Life Technologies) and results were plotted relative to the mean fluorescence of the sample before the addition of CXCL12.
Chemotaxis assay
After 48 h of drug incubation, CLL cells were washed twice and serum starved for 1.5 h in fetal bovine serum-free RPMI (107 cells/ml). One hundred microliters of diluted cells (5 106 cells/ml with 0.5% BSA in RPMI) were added to the top chambers of transwell culture polycarbonate inserts with 6.5 mm diameter and 5 mm pore size (Corning Inc., Corning, NY,
USA). Inserts had been previously transferred to the wells containing 600 ml
of 0.5% BSA in RPMI with 200 ng/ml of CXCL12. Total cell count was obtained from adding 100 ml of cell suspension to the wells containing 600 ml of 0.5% BSA in RPMI. After 4 h of incubation, 100 ml were collected in triplicate from each lower chamber and total wells, and viable cells were gated and counted on an Attune cytometer under constant flow rate.
Migration is represented as the ratio between migrating cells and total viable cells.
Matrigel invasion assay
CLL cells were incubated with drugs for 24 h, washed twice and serum starved for 1.5 h in fetal bovine serum-free RPMI (107 cells/ml). Next, cells were diluted to 5 106 cells/ml with 0.5% BSA in RPMI. Cells (5 105) were added to the top chambers of rehydrated BioCoat Matrigel Invasion Chambers (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Chambers had been previously transferred to the wells containing 600 ml of 0.5% BSA
in RPMI with 200 ng/ml of CXCL12. Invasion is represented as the ratio
between invasive cells and total viable cells, counted as for chemotaxis assay.
HUVEC tube formation assay
Supernatant from CLL cells (2 106 cells/ml) was harvested after 48 h of incubation with drugs. Twenty-four-well plates were coated with 300 ml of Matrigel (Becton Dickinson). Subsequently, 500 ml of the supernatant of interest and 500 ml of HUVEC cells (0.8 105 cells/ml) were added into each culture well. For RPMI control, supernatant of interest was substituted for complete RPMI medium as for primary cultures. After 24 h of incubation, the number of branch points was quantified as the mean of five randomly
chosen fields from each well. Pictures were taken at 40 magnification in a DM IL LED microscope (Leica, Solms, Germany) coupled to a DFC295 camera with Leica Application Suite v3.7 software (Leica).
Statistical analyzes
Statistics were calculated using GraphPad Prism 4.0 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) as detailed in Supplementary Information.
RESULTS
PF-03084014 induces apoptosis and inhibits constitutive Notch activation in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells
To evaluate CLL sensitivity to GSI, primary cells from 13 NOTCH1- mutated CLL patients were incubated with PF-03084014 at 1 and 10 mM, and cytotoxicity was measured after 72 h by Annexin V labeling. In all samples tested, PF-03084014 induced apoptosis at
the dose of 10 mM, with a mean response of 29.63±15.94% at 72 h (Table 1). At 1 mM, PF-03084014 induced minimal apoptosis, with a mean response of 7.84±7.18% (Table 1). Similarly to
NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells, the GSI was also cytotoxic for NOTCH1-unmutated cases (n 17; 1 mM: 4.44±3.77%; 10 mM: 22.04±13.24%; Table 1). Although no apparent differences were
observed between the two groups, when carefully analyzing biological data we found that previous treatment of the patients influenced the response to GSI. NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells were equally sensitive to PF-03084014 irrespective of previous treat- ment, while in NOTCH1-unmutated CLL cells there were significant differences between the two subgroups, being untreated cases more resistant to the compound (*Po0.05; Figure 1a). Next, we determined the Notch activation status in these samples by western blot analysis of cleaved Notch1. As shown in Figure 1b, activated Notch1 was principally found in NOTCH1-mutated cases, as revealed by the accumulation of a protein smaller than wild-type Notch1. Cleaved Notch1 was also detected in NOTCH1- unmutated cells from previously treated CLL patients, however, the levels of this activation are lower than those observed in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cases. Based on these evidences, for further analyzes of the effect of PF-03084014 on CLL, we selected NOTCH1-mutated CLL cases, where Notch pathway activation is clearly established by NOTCH1 mutation, and untreated NOTCH1- unmutated CLL cases as truly negative controls of Notch1 activation.
To evaluate whether the cytotoxic effect of PF-03084014 was selective for the B-cell population, we analyzed the sensitivity to 1 and 10 mM of PF-03084014 on paired tumor B and normal T cells from five NOTCH1-mutated CLL patients. In contrast to what was observed in tumor B lymphocytes (*Po0.05), PF-03084014 did not promote significant apoptosis in autologous normal T lympho- cytes, either at 1 mM or at 10 mM (P40.05, Figure 1c).
To assess the effects of g-secretase inhibition by PF-03084014 in
NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells, we first analyzed its effect on activated Notch1 protein levels. In primary CLL cells, increasing doses of PF-03084014 (1 and 10 mM) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of cleaved/activated Notch1 protein after 24 h of treatment (Figure 1d). To further test the ability of this compound to inhibit Notch signaling in NOTCH1-mutated CLL, the levels of three Notch transcriptional target genes were analyzed after a 48-
h PF-03084014 exposure. Using quantitative reverse transcription- PCR, we found that this GSI decreased the mRNA levels of HES1, MYC and CCND1 in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 1e).
All these results show that selective apoptosis induced by PF-03084014 is accompanied by the blockage of constitutive Notch activation in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells, and that the optimal inhibition of this signaling is achieved at 10 mM dose.
PF-03084014 enhances the cytotoxic effect of fludarabine in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells despite the presence of microenvironment stimuli
Poorer responses to conventional treatment are more frequent among NOTCH1-mutated than in unmutated CLL patients.13 In this context, we wanted to analyze whether PF-03084014 could enhance fludarabine response in CLL cells. Primary cells from 11 NOTCH1-mutated and 6 NOTCH1-unmutated CLL cases were
cotreated with PF-03084014 (1 and 10 mM) and fludarabine (0.5 and 1 mg/ml) and cell viability was assessed at 72 h. As shown in Figure 2a, when fludarabine was combined with PF-03084014, apoptosis induction became significantly more potent than without the GSI in NOTCH1-mutated cases, even at low doses of
fludarabine (Figure 2b). Moreover, PF-03084014 is also effective in enhancing fludarabine effect in chemoresistant CLL cases (Supplementary Figure S1). Conversely, the combination failed to induce a synergistic cytotoxic effect in the NOTCH1-unmutated cases. As maximal apoptosis induction was achieved when using
fludarabine 1 mg/ml in combination with PF-03084014 at 10 mM (***Po0.001; combination index 0.646), these doses were selected for further analyzes.
Culture of primary NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells with different prosurvival stimuli (the bone marrow-derived stroma cell line HS-5, the follicular dendritic cell-like HK cells and the prosurvival cytokines CD40L and IL4) was used to examine the cytotoxic properties of PF-03084014, alone or in combination with fludarabine, in the context of the microenvironment. First, we observed that all three stimuli protected CLL cells from spontaneous apoptosis and partially reverted GSI-induced cyto- toxicity (*Po0.05, **Po0.01; Figure 2c). Interestingly, PF-03084014 and fludarabine combination was still successful in inducing enhanced apoptosis even in the presence of HS-5, HK or CD40L- IL4 stimulation (*Po0.05; **Po0.01; Figure 2c). Fludarabine and/or PF-03084014 had no effect on HK and HS-5 viability (data not shown). As shown in Figure 2d, PF-03084014 and fludarabine combination was still successful in inducing enhanced apoptosis at long-term exposure (6 days) even in the presence of stromal cells (*Po0.05).
Altogether, these data suggest that PF-03084014/fludarabine combination is effective exclusively in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cases even in the presence of a protective microenvironment.
The combination PF-03084014 plus fludarabine modulates genes related to apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, invasion and cell migration
To analyze the possible mechanisms mediating the interaction of PF-03084014 and fludarabine, we carried out gene expression profiling of a representative NOTCH1-mutated CLL case treated for 48 h with PF-03084014 (10 mM) and fludarabine (1 mg/ml). First, we selected genes modulated at least twofold in the combination versus control (583 genes). Then, to find out which genes were
specifically modulated by the combination, only those with a fold change above 1.3 between the combination and each drug alone were considered (99 downregulated and 91 upregulated, Supplementary Table S1). These top differentially expressed genes are displayed in Figure 3a. According to the magnitude of their differential expression as well as to their potential relevance in CLL pathogenesis, 9 of the top modulated genes (Supplementary Table S1) and 2 additional Notch1 target genes (HES1 and CCND1) were selected for further validation in 10 NOTCH1-mutated CLL cases treated with PF-03084014 and fludarabine as above (Table 1). Treatment with the GSI alone induced downregulation of well-known Notch1-target genes (HES1, MYC and CCND1), but the combination did not enhance this effect (data not shown). Among the top downregulated genes, MMP9, IL32 and RAC2 were validated as being specifically modulated by the combination (*Po0.05, **Po0.01; Figure 3b). For the four remaining genes (HCK, IL2RB, NR4A1 and THBS1), although a similar trend in the pattern of expression was observed, statistical significance was not achieved (Supplementary Figure S2). We also validated the enhanced upregulation of the proapoptotic BH3-only HRK, whose modulation was significant with the combination treatment when compared with each drug alone (*Po0.05, **Po0.01; Figure 3b). To functionally determine whether the induction of HRK was relevant in the cell death mechanism of PF-03084014 and fludarabine, we used an small interfering RNA-mediated approach to knockdown HRK in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells. Transfection with small interfering RNA oligonucleotides directed against HRK gene reduces its upregulation by 59% (data not shown) and significantly abrogates the synergistic effect induced by the combination of PF-03084014 and fludarabine in CLL cells (*Po0.05; Figure 3c). These data strongly support that HRK induction has a pivotal role in the collaborative effect of PF-03084014 and fludarabine in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells.
Figure 1. PF-03084014 induces apoptosis and inhibits Notch signaling in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells. (a) Primary cells from 13 NOTCH1- mutated and 17 NOTCH1-unmutated CLL cases were incubated with
PF-03084014 (10 mM) for 72 h and the cytotoxic effect was determined by Annexin V labeling. Mean±s.e.m. of all the samples analyzed.
*Po0.05. (b) Western blot showing cleaved Notch1 protein levels in NOTCH1-unmutated CLL cases (NOTCH1-unmut.) treated and untreated, and in NOTCH1-mutated cases (NOTCH1-mut.) as a control. The arrows indicate the bands corresponding to the wild-type and the mutant (smaller) isoforms. (c) Primary cells from five NOTCH1-mutated CLL cases were incubated with PF-03084014 at the indicated doses (1
and 10 mM) and cytotoxicity was assessed at 72 h in paired tumor B and normal T lymphocyte subpopulations. Mean±s.e.m. of all the samples analyzed. *Po0.05. (d) NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells were treated with
PF-03084014 (1 and 10 mM) and cleaved Notch1 was analyzed by western blot at 24 h of treatment (n 3). b-Actin was probed as a loading control. A representative case is shown. (e) Analysis of gene expression by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR of HES1, MYC and CCND1 in primary NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells treated with PF- 03084014 for 48 h mRNA relative levels are given as arbitrary units, using untreated cells as a reference.
Figure 2. PF-03084014 enhances fludarabine effect in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells. (a) Cells from 11 NOTCH1-mutated CLL cases and from 6 NOTCH1-unmutated cases were cotreated with PF-03084014 (1 and 10 mM) and fludarabine (0.5 and 1 mg/ml) and cytotoxicity was determined at 72 h by Annexin V labeling. Mean±s.e.m. of all the samples analyzed. *Po0.05, **Po0.01, ***Po0.001. (b) NOTCH1-mutated (n 3) and NOTCH1-unmutated (n 6) CLL cases were incubated with PF-03084014 and fludarabine (0.1 mg/ml) and cytotoxicity was determined as above. Mean±s.e.m. of all the samples analyzed. *Po0.05. (c) NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells (n 6) were cocultured with or without HS-5, HK or CD40L-IL4 as detailed in Supplementary Information and treated with the combination PF-03084014 plus fludarabine (1 mg/ml). Viability at 72 h was calculated relative to the untreated control without the stroma/stimuli. Mean±s.e.m. of all the samples analyzed. *Po0.05, **Po0.01.
(d) CLL cells were cocultured with or without HK cells and cotreated with PF-03084014 (1 and 10 mM) and fludarabine (0.5 mg/ml) for 6 days. Viability was represented as relative to the untreated control without HK cells. Mean±s.e.m. of all the samples analyzed. *Po0.05.
To further explore gene expression profiling data, enriched gene sets in each condition were retrieved using the GSEA. As expected, PF-03084014 alone downregulated Notch targets signature21 as well as fludarabine-induced p53-dependent gene expression response22 (data not shown). Next, significant signatures specifically modulated by the combination were selected. A very restrictive false discovery rate (0.05) was chosen to minimize chance findings. As shown in Figure 3d, CLL cells treated with PF-03084014 plus fludarabine showed significant downmodulation of several gene sets (false discovery rate o0.05;
Supplementary Table S2). Given that most of these gene sets were related to tumor angiogenesis, interleukins, NF-kB pathway, as well as integrin signaling and cell migration, we selected these signatures for further functional validation.
PF-03084014 overcomes fludarabine-mediated activation of NF-kB signaling
In order to study the modulation of the prosurvival NF-kB signature by PF-03084014 and fludarabine combination, we first
Figure 3. Gene expression profile analysis of PF-03084014 plus fludarabine combination. (a) Representative NOTCH1-mutated CLL case exposed for 48 h with PF-03084014 (10 mM) and fludarabine (1 mg/ml) was submitted to gene expression profile analysis. (a) Heatmap of the top up and downregulated genes associated with the combination compared with the other treatments, which were selected as described in Supplementary Information. Representative genes are listed. (b) NOTCH1-mutated CLL patients (n 10) were exposed to PF-03084014 (10 mM) and fludarabine (1 mg/ml) for 48 h and mRNA levels of the selected genes were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. Relative mRNA expression levels were referred to untreated controls. Bars represent the mean±s.e.m. of all the samples tested. *Po0.05, **Po0.01. (c) HRK
was silenced with a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated approach in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells before cotreatment with PF-03084014 (10 mM) and fludarabine (1 mg/ml). After 48 h, apoptosis was analyzed. Mean±s.e.m. of three cases. *Po0.05. (d) Gene signatures specifically modulated by the combination alone were obtained with GSEA. Bars represent false discovery rate (FDR) and normalized enrichment score (NES) is only displayed for significant conditions. FDR o0.05 was considered significant. GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; TGF, transforming growth factor.
analyzed the phospho-IkBa/IkBa ratio in four NOTCH1-mutated and four NOTCH1-unmutated CLL cases previously incubated with PF-03084014 (10 mM) and fludarabine (1 mg/ml) for 48 h. We observed that fludarabine induced an increase in phospho-IkBa/ IkBa ratio in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells that could be easily reverted with PF-03084014 addition (Figure 4a), process that was not observed in NOTCH1-unmutated cases. In parallel, owing to the inflammatory role of NF-kB and based on the GSEA analysis, we quantified in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells the gene expression levels from two NF-kB-induced cytokines, the proinflammatory IL6 and the T-cell chemokine CCL3. Accordingly, fludarabine exposure also raised the levels of both cytokines and, again, PF-03084014 was
able to significantly hold back this process (*Po0.05, **Po0.01, Figure 4b), although IL6 levels for the combination remained slightly higher than PF-03084014 alone (*Po0.05, Figure 4b).
All together, these results suggest that PF-03084014 reduces fludarabine-mediated activation of NF-kB signaling in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells.
PF-03084014 and fludarabine combination blocks CXCL12-induced CLL migration and actin polymerization
To validate GSEA results, we next studied cell migration by means of chemotaxis and actin polymerization assays. First, we evaluated
Figure 4. PF-03084014 overcomes fludarabine-mediated activation of NF-kB signaling. (a) Phospho-IkBa/IkBa ratio was examined by western blot and densitometrically quantified in NOTCH1-mutated (n 4) and NOTCH1-unmutated (n 4) CLL samples, after incubation with PF-03084014 (10 mM) and fludarabine (1 mg/ml) for 48 h. Western blot of a representative case per group is shown. a-Tubulin was
probed as a loading control. Bars represent the mean±s.e.m. (b) IL6
and CCL3 mRNA levels were examined by quantitative real-time PCR in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cases (n 10) previously incubated with PF-03084014 (10 mM) and fludarabine (1 mg/ml) for 48 h. Relative mRNA expression levels were referred to untreated controls. Bars represent the mean±s.e.m. of all the samples tested. *Po0.05,
**Po0.01.
Figure 5. Cell migration inhibition by the combination PF-03084014 plus fludarabine. NOTCH1-mutated (n 7) and NOTCH1-unmutated (n 4) CLL cells were exposed to PF-03084014 (10 mM) and fludarabine (1 mg/ml). (a) Samples were assayed for chemotaxis toward CXCL12 (200 ng/ml) through 5 mm pore size membranes. Migration is represented as the ratio between migrating cells and total viable cells, as relative to the untreated control. Bars correspond to the mean±s.e.m. *Po0.05. (b) Polymerized actin content was determined as described in Materials and methods section at the indicated time points after CXCL12 addition (200 ng/ ml). Results are displayed relative to the samples before chemokine stimulation (100%). Bars represent the mean±s.e.m. *Po0.05.
the effects of the combination on the CXCL12-induced migratory capacity of NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells (n 7). As shown in Figure 5a, the combination significantly reduced CXCL12-induced migration (*Po0.05), whereas PF-03084014 or fludarabine alone did not. On the contrary, the combination had no significant effect on the migratory response in NOTCH1-unmutated cases (n 4; Figure 5a). Importantly, the combination did not modulate CXCR4 surface expression levels in any of the conditions (data not shown). One of the earliest events in the CLL migratory response to CXCL12 is the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. In this context, we evaluated whether this response could be blocked by the combination of PF-03084014 plus fludarabine (n 7 NOTCH1- mutated cases). Consistent with migration assays, the combination was able to inhibit this process (*Po0.05 at 15 and 120 s,
Figure 5b). Although at 15 s, PF-03084014 and fludarabine alone could also slightly decrease actin polymerization (*Po0.05), this effect was at lesser extent than the combination. Collectively, these data show that PF-03084014 plus fludarabine impair CXCL12-induced migratory responses in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells.
CXCL12-induced CLL invasion and angiogenesis are downregulated by PF-03084014 and fludarabine combination
Given that integrin signaling in the GSEA analysis and MMP9 gene expression were both found to be further decreased by the combination of PF-03084014 plus fludarabine, we examined the effect of these drugs on CLL invasive properties with
matrigel-coated invasion chambers to simulate extracellular matrix. In response to CXCL12, CLL cells passed through matrigel, however, the combination significantly reduced CXCL12-induced
1.4
1.2
invasion in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells (*Po0.05), whereas PF-03084014 or fludarabine alone did not (n 6). Conversely, neither the combination nor the drugs alone had any effect on
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
NOTCH1-mutated NOTCH1-unmutated
20
15
10
5
0
NOTCH1-mutated NOTCH1-unmutated
Untreated PF-03084014
Fludarabine
Combination
the invasive properties of NOTCH1-unmutated CLL cells (n 4, Figure 6a).
Finally, we analyzed the effect of the combination treatment on tumor angiogenesis. To this aim, we carried out HUVEC tube formation assays using eight NOTCH1-mutated and five NOTCH1- unmutated CLL cases. Cell supernatants significantly increased HUVEC number of branch points when compared with control medium (**Po0.01, Figure 6b). Nevertheless, supernatants from NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells exposed to the combination were significantly less angiogenic than those from untreated CLL cells (*Po0.05), whereas those from single drug exposure did not show significant antiangiogenic activity on HUVEC cells. Again, supernatants from NOTCH1-unmutated CLL had no antiangiogenic effect irrespective of drug exposure (Figure 6b).
All these results show that PF-03084014 and fludarabine combination exerts significant effects on NOTCH1-mutated CLL invasion and angiogenesis processes.
DISCUSSION
Activating NOTCH1 mutations have emerged as one of the most frequent somatic aberrations in CLL.3,7,8,13 Although the precise role of Notch1 activation in CLL pathogenesis is still unknown, its relevance is highlighted by the fact that NOTCH1-mutated patients show more adverse prognostic features, higher risk of transformation to Richter syndrome and poorer outcome than unmutated ones. In fact, NOTCH1 mutations are associated with unmutated IGVH genes and trisomy 12.3,7–9 Therefore, the relevance of NOTCH1 mutation in CLL biology opens the possibility to design new specific therapeutic strategies targeting Notch pathway. In this article, we tested the activity of the clinically relevant GSI PF-03084014 in NOTCH1-mutated CLL primary samples. Our results show for the first time that a GSI effectively blocks the constitutive activation of Notch1 present in these samples, by reducing the levels of cleaved Notch1 protein and, consequently, downregulating several Notch target genes. Among them, HES1 and MYC control key cellular processes related to leukemogenesis,21,23 pointing out the functional relevance that Notch inhibition could have in CLL cases with mutations in NOTCH1. Accordingly, PF-03084014 induces apoptosis in NOTCH1- mutated CLL cells, similar to what has been observed for T-ALL cell lines15 and for other GSIs in CLL.11,24 Notably, the cytotoxic effect of this GSI in CLL cases seems to be selective for B tumor cells, given that autologous T lymphocytes remain almost unaffected. In addition, the specificity of PF-03084014 for NOTCH1 mutation is evidenced by the observation that NOTCH1-unmutated primary cells from untreated patients were the least sensitive to the GSI, when comparing with samples from NOTCH1-mutated or even from previously treated patients without NOTCH1 mutations. The fact that samples from NOTCH1-unmutated treated patients are sensitive to PF-03084014 would be consistent with the clonal evolution model recently proposed for CLL,25 suggesting that the cytotoxic therapy of the patients selects more aggressive subclones that could be characterized by constitutive activation of survival pathways, such as Notch signaling, irrespective of genetic mutations. Accordingly, we show that activated Notch1 is
detected in NOTCH1-unmutated treated CLL, although at lower levels than those observed in the presence of the mutation.
NOTCH1 mutations are enriched among chemorefractory CLL patients.7 On the basis of the hypothesis that Notch1 inhibition may improve the efficacy of the chemotherapy, we provide a formal characterization of the mechanism of action underlying the antitumor effect of PF-03084014 in combination with fludarabine. Indeed, we observed a synergistic interaction between these two compounds, in agreement with recently published data,12 which is specific for CLL cases carrying NOTCH1 mutation. This collaborative effect is comparable to what has been described for PF-03084014 plus dexamethasone in T-ALL, where the cell death induction is known to be mediated by the proapoptotic BH3-only protein BIM.16 Similarly, in CLL we demonstrate that the synergistic apoptosis of PF-03084014 and fludarabine is triggered by another BH3-only factor, HRK. HRK encodes a protein that promotes apoptosis by interacting with the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL via its BH3 domain.26
Molecular characterization of the mechanism of synergy between PF-03084014 and fludarabine through gene expression profiling revealed that the combination specifically downregulates pathways related to more aggressive disease, that is, tumor angiogenesis, inflammatory NF-kB pathway and several inter-
leukin-related pathways, integrin signaling and cell migration.
Owing to the aggressive features of NOTCH1-mutated CLL cases, the combination may represent an advantageous therapeutic strategy.
One of the mechanisms related to resistance to several cytotoxic antitumor agents is the induction of an undesirable NF-kB activation that limits the apoptotic potential of chemo- therapy.27 Herein, we confirm that fludarabine upregulates NF-kB pathway in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells, but PF-03084014 cotreatment is able to overcome this effect, being one of the
possible mechanisms underlying the collaborative effect of the combination in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells. In this sense, a critical role of the interaction of Notch and NF-kB pathways has been well described in T-ALL.23
Another factor that has been recognized as a contributor to chemotherapy resistance is the tumor microenvironment. In this context, we provide functional evidence that GSI plus chemo- therapy could overcome the interactions between NOTCH1- mutated CLL cells and the stroma. First, we observed that the effect of GSI and fludarabine is also synergistic even in the presence of the stroma, in agreement with previous results,12,28 as well as when coculturing cells with the prosurvival T-cell cytokines CD40L and IL4. Second, we also showed that the combination PF- 03084014 plus fludarabine is effective in blocking CXCL12-induced migration and invasion responses in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells. Accordingly, the GSI may target CLL cells in their protected niches, such as lymph nodes, where Notch1 pathway is strongly activated.12 Tumor angiogenesis in malignant hematologic diseases may enable its dissemination throughout the body. Newly formed blood vessels could facilitate the release of leukemic cells into systemic circulation and the invasion of lymphoid tissues.29 In this sense, we demonstrate that PF- 03084014 plus fludarabine are able to inhibit this process as supernatants from NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells treated with the
Figure 6. CLL cell invasion and angiogenesis are downregulated by PF-03084014 and fludarabine combination. (a) NOTCH1-mutated (n 6) and NOTCH1-unmutated (n 4) CLL cells were exposed to PF-03084014 (10 mM) and fludarabine (1 mg/ml) and assayed for invasion toward CXCL12 (200 ng/ml) through matrigel invasion chambers. Invasion is represented as the ratio between invasive cells and total viable cells, as relative to the untreated control. Bars correspond to the mean±s.e.m. *Po0.05. (b) Supernatant from CLL cells (n 8 NOTCH1-mutated; n 5 NOTCH1-unmutated) was harvested after incubation with drugs and added to HUVEC cells for 24 h. The number of branch points was quantified as the mean of five randomly chosen fields from each well. Pictures were taken at 40 magnification in a DM IL LED microscope coupled to a DFC295 camera with Leica Application Suite v 3.7 software. Bars represent the mean±s.e.m. of eight CLL cases. *Po0.05,
**Po0.01. Microscope images from a representative case per group are shown.
combination decreased HUVEC tube formation. Several evidences point out that aberrant Notch1 signaling regulates the expression of key genes required for angiogenesis, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).30–33 Herein, we report a significant decrease in MMP9 levels when exposing NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells to the drug combination. The role of MMP9 in CLL pathogenesis is clearly established, where it promotes tumor progression by regulating cell migration and survival.34 Clinically, high levels of intracellular MMP9 are associated with advanced stage disease and with poor patient survival.35 Besides its role in angiogenesis, MMP9 is also complexed with integrins to promote CLL invasion.36 This process enables malignant cells to extravasate and infiltrate lymphoid tissues and is observed when CLL progresses and eventually transforms to Richter syndrome, a frequently lethal complication of CLL that combines the effects of both chemoresistance and rapid disease dissemination. In this context, our data strongly support that PF-03084014 and fludarabine combination may represent a useful tool to interfere with the mechanisms governing CLL-cell extravasation into lymphoid tissues, leading to the inhibition of migration and invasion processes. Moreover, the combination downregulates IL32 and RAC2 levels, both of them are probably having a role in migration and invasion of CLL cells. Accordingly, IL32 is a member of the focal adhesion protein complex and is able to bind to integrins,37 while RAC2 has been proposed to be required for efficient chemotaxis.38,39 Interestingly, all the collaborative effects of the combination on NF-kB, angiogenesis, migration and
invasion are indeed specific for NOTCH1 mutation.
In summary, we propose the combination of Notch inhibitors with chemotherapy as a new approach for the treatment of bad prognosis NOTCH1-mutated patients, which could represent an additional tool to ameliorate the therapeutic strategies for CLL in the aggressive phases of the disease.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Laura Jime´nez and Sandra Cabezas for their technical support. We thank Dr Maria C Cid for providing HUVEC cells and Genomics Unit of IDIBAPS for the technical help. PF-03084014 was kindly provided by Pfizer. We are also very grateful to all individuals with CLL who have participated in this study from the CLL Spanish Consortium. This work was carried out at the Esther Koplowitz Center, Barcelona. This study was supported by research funding from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacio´n (SAF 12/31242 to DC and SAF 11/29326 to PP-G), Fondo de Investigacio´n Sanitaria (PI12/01847 to GR), Redes Tema´ticas de Investigacio´n Cooperativa de Ca´ncer from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ‘Una manera de hacer Europa’ RD12/0036/0004, RD12/0036/0036; RD12/0036/0023; RD12/0036/0067
and Generalitat de Catalunya 2009SGR967 (to DC). ML-G has a contract from Fundacio´n Cient´ıfica de la Asociacio´n Espan˜ola contra el Ca´ncer. AM and AM-C are recipients of predoctoral fellowships FPI from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacio´n. PP-G holds a contract from Ramo´n y Cajal program (RYC2009-05134) and GR from Miguel Servet program (PI09/00060).
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